Matplotlib中文网

Installing

Note

If you wish to contribute to the project, it's recommended you install the latest development version.

Installing an official release

Matplotlib and its dependencies are available as wheel packages for macOS, Windows and Linux distributions:

python -m pip install -U pip
python -m pip install -U matplotlib

Note

The following backends work out of the box: Agg, ps, pdf, svg and TkAgg.

For support of other GUI frameworks, LaTeX rendering, saving animations and a larger selection of file formats, you may need to install additional dependencies.

Although not required, we suggest also installing IPython for interactive use. To easily install a complete Scientific Python stack, see Scientific Python Distributions below.

Test data

The wheels (*.whl) on the PyPI download pageopen in new window do not contain test data or example code.

If you want to try the many demos that come in the Matplotlib source distribution, download the *.tar.gz file and look in the examples subdirectory.

To run the test suite:

  • extract the lib/matplotlib/tests or lib/mpl_toolkits/tests directories from the source distribution;
  • install test dependencies: pytestopen in new window, Pillow, MiKTeX, GhostScript, ffmpeg, avconv, ImageMagick, and Inkscapeopen in new window;
  • run python -mpytest.

Third-party distributions of Matplotlib

Scientific Python Distributions

Anacondaopen in new window and Canopyopen in new window and ActiveStateopen in new window are excellent choices that "just work" out of the box for Windows, macOS and common Linux platforms. WinPythonopen in new window is an option for Windows users. All of these distributions include Matplotlib and lots of other useful (data) science tools.

Linux: using your package manager

If you are on Linux, you might prefer to use your package manager. Matplotlib is packaged for almost every major Linux distribution.

  • Debian / Ubuntu: sudo apt-get install python3-matplotlib
  • Fedora: sudo dnf install python3-matplotlib
  • Red Hat: sudo yum install python3-matplotlib
  • Arch: sudo pacman -S python-matplotlib

Installing from source

If you are interested in contributing to Matplotlib development, running the latest source code, or just like to build everything yourself, it is not difficult to build Matplotlib from source. Grab the latest tar.gz release file from the PyPI files pageopen in new window, or if you want to develop Matplotlib or just need the latest bugfixed version, grab the latest git version, and see Install from sourceopen in new window.

The standard environment variables CC, CXX, PKG_CONFIG are respected. This means you can set them if your toolchain is prefixed. This may be used for cross compiling.

export CC=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-gcc
export CXX=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-g++
export PKG_CONFIG=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-pkg-config

Once you have satisfied the requirements detailed below (mainly Python, NumPy, libpng and FreeType), you can build Matplotlib.

cd matplotlib
python -mpip install .

We provide a setup.cfgopen in new window file which you can use to customize the build process. For example, which default backend to use, whether some of the optional libraries that Matplotlib ships with are installed, and so on. This file will be particularly useful to those packaging Matplotlib.

If you have installed prerequisites to nonstandard places and need to inform Matplotlib where they are, edit setupext.py and add the base dirs to the basedir dictionary entry for your sys.platform; e.g., if the header of some required library is in /some/path/include/someheader.h, put /some/path in the basedir list for your platform.

Dependencies

Matplotlib requires the following dependencies:

Optionally, you can also install a number of packages to enable better user interface toolkits. See What is a backend?open in new window for more details on the optional Matplotlib backends and the capabilities they provide.

For better support of animation output format and image file formats, LaTeX, etc., you can install the following:

Note

Matplotlib depends on non-Python libraries.

On Linux and OSX, pkg-configopen in new window can be used to find required non-Python libraries and thus make the install go more smoothly if the libraries and headers are not in the expected locations.

If not using pkg-config (in particular on Windows), you may need to set the include path (to the FreeType, libpng, and zlib headers) and link path (to the FreeType, libpng, and zlib libraries) explicitly, if they are not in standard locations. This can be done using standard environment variables -- on Linux and OSX:

export CFLAGS='-I/directory/containing/ft2build.h ...'
export LDFLAGS='-L/directory/containing/libfreetype.so ...'

and on Windows:

set CL=/IC:\directory\containing\ft2build.h ...
set LINK=/LIBPATH:C:\directory\containing\freetype.lib ...

where ... means "also give, in the same format, the directories containing png.h and zlib.h for the include path, and for libpng.so/png.lib and libz.so/z.lib for the link path."

Note

The following libraries are shipped with Matplotlib:

  • Agg: the Anti-Grain Geometry C++ rendering engine;
  • qhull: to compute Delaunay triangulation;
  • ttconv: a TrueType font utility.

Building on Linux

It is easiest to use your system package manager to install the dependencies.

If you are on Debian/Ubuntu, you can get all the dependencies required to build Matplotlib with:

sudo apt-get build-dep python-matplotlib

If you are on Fedora, you can get all the dependencies required to build Matplotlib with:

sudo dnf builddep python-matplotlib

If you are on RedHat, you can get all the dependencies required to build Matplotlib by first installing yum-builddep and then running:

su -c "yum-builddep python-matplotlib"

These commands do not build Matplotlib, but instead get and install the build dependencies, which will make building from source easier.

Building on macOS

The build situation on macOS is complicated by the various places one can get the libpng and FreeType requirements (MacPorts, Fink, /usr/X11R6), the different architectures (e.g., x86, ppc, universal), and the different macOS versions (e.g., 10.4 and 10.5). We recommend that you build the way we do for the macOS release: get the source from the tarball or the git repository and install the required dependencies through a third-party package manager. Two widely used package managers are Homebrew, and MacPorts. The following example illustrates how to install libpng and FreeType using brew:

brew install libpng freetype pkg-config

If you are using MacPorts, execute the following instead:

port install libpng freetype pkgconfig

After installing the above requirements, install Matplotlib from source by executing:

python -mpip install .

Note that your environment is somewhat important. Some conda users have found that, to run the tests, their PYTHONPATH must include /path/to/anaconda/.../site-packages and their DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH must include /path/to/anaconda/lib.

Building on Windows

The Python shipped from https://www.python.orgopen in new window is compiled with Visual Studio 2015 for 3.5+. Python extensions should be compiled with the same compiler, see e.g. https://packaging.python.org/guides/packaging-binary-extensions/#setting-up-a-build-environment-on-windowsopen in new window for how to set up a build environment.

Since there is no canonical Windows package manager, the methods for building FreeType, zlib, and libpng from source code are documented as a build script at matplotlib-winbuildopen in new window.

There are a few possibilities to build Matplotlib on Windows:

Wheel builds using conda packages

This is a wheel build, but we use conda packages to get all the requirements. The binary requirements (png, FreeType,...) are statically linked and therefore not needed during the wheel install.

Set up the conda environment. Note, if you want a qt backend, add pyqt to the list of conda packages.

conda create -n "matplotlib_build" python=3.7 numpy python-dateutil pyparsing tornado cycler tk libpng zlib freetype msinttypes
conda activate matplotlib_build

For building, call the script build_alllocal.cmd in the root folder of the repository:

build_alllocal.cmd

Conda packages

The conda packaging scripts for Matplotlib are available at https://github.com/conda-forge/matplotlib-feedstockopen in new window.